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"You care about this thing. You believe in it," FDR told Perkins of her idea for a social insurance program for retirees. "Therefore, I know you will put your back into it more than everyone else."

The commonly used figure to describe the gender wage ratio—that a woman earns 80 cents for every dollar earned by a man—understates the pay inequality problem by leaving many women workers out of the picture. This report argues that a multi-year analysis provides a more comprehensive picture of the gender wage gap and presents a more accurate measure of the income women actually bring home to support themselves and their families.

Just over a century ago, Jeannette Rankin of Montana won a seat in the House of Representatives, becoming the first woman ever elected to federal office. In 1917, 128 years after the first United States Congress convened, she was sworn into its 65th session. One hundred and two years later, one has become 131 — the number of women serving in both chambers of the 116th Congress as of this month.

Change begets change, and this moment marks not the conclusion of a struggle, but one signpost in a longer journey toward a truly equitable nation. Let the record show that in 2018, we crept ever closer to a Congress that is truly by and for the people.

Saving and planning for retirement is tough enough, in general, but the deck is stacked against women in three important, but not insurmountable, ways.